Life during the Industrial Revolution

1. European Society in Transition
1. Population Patterns

·   __________ in Europe during the 18^th century began to increase

·   As __________ spread, numbers continued to increase, although not uniformally

·   __________ Revolution increased the food supply in England

·   During 1820s and 1830s, improved __________ methods were gradually adopted on the Continent

·   __________ failures were less common but when they did occur, they still caused widespread distress

·   The most famous famine was the Great __________ __________ Famine in the 1840s

·   A lower occurrence of __________ & improvements in __________ helped raise the average life expectancy

·   Basic staples of diet were __________, __________, & __________

·   Diets were still limited and unbalanced

·   In the early 1800s, younger age groups increased at a faster rate than the rest of the population

·   After 1850, __________ advancements allowed older people to live longer

·   __________ and the __________ __________ tended to have more children than those higher in the social hierarchy

·   Initially, factories in the cities drew much of their labor from the __________ __________

·   After 1815 the cities attracted rural workers, especially the young

·   Migration of people from the village to cities intensified. People wanted to take advantage of higher __________ and new opportunities

·   The numbers of people moving from country to city during the 19^th century ran into the tens of millions

2. Rise of the City

·   By 1850, many rural districts in England and the Continent were sparsely populated as millions moved to industrial towns & cities

·   Despite this rapid __________, Europe remained mainly a rural society throughout the 1800s

·   Industrial cities defined the __________ of Europe and its new social __________

·   This movement of people to the cities caused several problems for inhabitants

·   Some small towns grew rapidly in size with no __________ ___________; some large cities just got larger

·   Administrations were unprepared to deal with the vast amounts of problems caused by rapid urbanization

·   Public __________ was nonexistent

·   In older towns, workers crowded into inadequate housing in conditions of extreme filth

·   Entire families lived in 1-2 tiny rooms, often in __________ or __________, most without heat, toilet facilities, and water

·   Sulfurous fumes caused by burning cheap coal and factories hung over narrow alleys

·   ___________, __________, and human excrement filled the streets

·   __________, if they existed, were often merely open drains that emptied into the nearest river

·   Failure to separate the water supply from the sewage caused periodic outbreak of __________

·   __________, __________ (carried by polluted water), and __________ (carried by lice) were common

·   In Western Europe alone tens of thousands of people were killed by a cholera epidemic in 1831-1832

·   For the poor, the quality of urban life was generally worse then in the countryside from 1800-1850

·   __________ rates were higher and __________ lower in the cities, especially in the working-class areas of cities

·   __________ movements to deal with issues such as __________ and __________ welfare began in England in the 1830s

·   Efforts to improve the infrastructure of the cities spread throughout the Continent in the 1840s and 1850s

·   Not until the end of the 19^th century did conditions in most Europe begin to approach modern standards

3. Emergence of Class Structure

·   By the beginning of the 1800s, social classes were increasingly identified by __________ and __________

·   __________, __________, and how a person made a living became the chief measure of status

·   However, class identification along these lines was neither absolute nor clear-cut

·   By the end of the 19^th century, impoverished __________ and wealthy __________ began to see mutual advantages in arranged marriages

2. The Condition of the Working Class
1. Working-Class Hierarchy

·   Working-class constituted about __________ of Europe’s urban population around 1850

·   When industrialization first began most factory workers came from the city; they __________ went into the factories

·   __________ workers, the largest group, earned too little to maintain the average working-class family of 2 parents & 3 children

·   That accounts for the presence of large numbers of __________ and __________ in the working force

·   Women and children were a strong presence in the workforce, especially in the __________ industry

·   In the textile industry, women were __________ of working force; children were __________

·   Employers knew that women and children worked to __________ family income

·   They were paid the __________ wages in the workforce

·   Women earned __________ as much as men; children earned __________ as much as women

·   Above the unskilled workers were __________ workers. They earned about 1.5 times the lowest wages

·   Semiskilled workers were __________, __________, and __________ __________

·   At the top of the hierarchy were __________ workers. They were __________ of the working class

·   They earned about __________ to __________ times as much as unskilled workers

·   __________ developments expanded the number of skilled workers as the need grew for __________ toolmakers, _____ __________, and other specialists

2. Artisans Under Stress

·   Artisans were the “__________” of the skilled workers

·   Using __________, which were centuries old, they had established __________ __________, __________ ___________, and conditions of __________ in workshops

·   Artisans in the __________ __________ were displaced by industrialization

·   Afraid of being obsolete, guilds tried to tighten their control over __________ __________ and make advancements more difficult

·   New __________ and __________ economic policies often made this impossible

·   Artisans inhabited long-established residential sections in cities

·   Their sense of __________ and __________ status led them to regard ordinary workers as __________ them

3. The Standard of Living

·   Throughout the 19^th century __________ stayed ahead of the rise in the __________ of __________, except during times of economic slump

·   Wages also rose on the Continent as industrialization spread after __________

·   By comparison with the countryside, real wages in the city were higher

·   Unskilled workers and cottage industry laborers suffered miserably from the __________ because of industrialization

·   __________ conditions for factory workers were horrible

·   __________ rates rose among urban workers

·   Food consumption was hardly above the subsistence level for most urban workers

·   They still ate better than peasants

·   In working-class families, wives & children usually worked to buy __________ rather than the __________

·   The __________ of employment was demoralizing

·   Chronic __________ remained widespread, affecting as much as 10% of England’s population

3. The Comfortable Bourgeoisie
1. Structure of the Middle Class

·   By 1850, the middle class made up __________ of Europe’s urban population

·   That percentage was lower in eastern and southern Europe where industry and commerce were less advanced

·   Most owned some form of __________

·   When the IR first started most __________ came from relatively modest backgrounds

·   They were small __________, __________, and __________ with their own shops

·   There are 3 distinct segments of the middle class

·   At the top were large-scale __________, __________, and __________

·   This was the __________ but __________ sector; 5% of the population

·   They lived a plush life with private __________ in exclusive areas, __________ in the country, many servants, and luxuries that rivaled the aristocracy

·   In the middle were small __________, moderate sized __________, and __________, as well as __________

·   They usually lived in __________ apartments in genteel urban neighborhoods or __________ their own homes in newer sections of the city

·   From this segment came most of Europe’s __________ and __________ who often rebelled against the materialism of their class

·   The largest and fastest growing segment of the middle class was the _______________ class

·   They were small __________ and new _______________ workers (teachers, postal clerks, and secretaries)

·   Made up about __________ of the middle class

·   Owned little or no property

·   Lived __________ but comfortably in decent apartments

·   Managed to save money; gave their children __________ educations

2. How the Middle Class Lived

·   The homes of the lower and middle classes, be they owned or rented, were furnished with solid, sensible furniture

·   That furniture conveyed a cozy, __________ well-being

·   Success was partially measured by the number of __________ and elaborate __________ parties that were provided for guests

·   Middle class ate well; ½ of their income was spent on __________ and __________

·   Lower ranks of the middle class generally prized __________ as a means of preparing children for adult responsibilities

·   Boys were taught practical subjects such as __________ and __________ or technical skills

·   Training for girls was usually limited to __________, __________, __________, and ___________ management

·   Classical education in __________ was largely the preserve for sons of wealthy families

·   Middle classes centered their lives principally around __________ and __________

·   Middle class thought held that those with the needed energy and drive could succeed and prosper

·   They thought the __________ had themselves to blame for their plight

·   Habits of ___________ and __________ were instilled in children at an early age

·   People believed that these traits built __________ and would help develop __________ and __________ adults

·   __________ and the importance of __________ __________, which all classes were encouraged to accumulate, were also central to the middle-class worldview

·   These attitudes contributed to the cult of __________ and __________ progress that became the hallmark of middle-class thinking

4. Women in a Revolutionary Age
1. Women, Law, and Government

·   When Napoleon was ruling France he issued the __________ __________ of 1804

·   It reestablished a __________l society; giving power to males in family matters

·   A married woman had to assume her husband’s __________

·   Could not take part in __________ proceedings or __________ for paternity rights or support

·   Unlike the husband, she could be punished for __________

2. Women & the Industrial Revolution

·   IR widened the scope of activity for some women

·   It also reinforced the __________ of men’s and women’s roles that were endorsed by the Napoleonic Code

·   IR changed female work patterns significantly

·   Women were __________ of workforce in textile industry

·   __________ labor was not the typical work experience for women

·   Around 1850, 40% of British working women were __________ __________; 20% were working in factories

·   In France, 40% of working women worked in __________; 10% worked in __________

·   Men and women were separated by __________ and __________ in the workplace

·   Owners assumed that men and women working close together dressed scantily would lead to __________ and hurt __________

·   Throughout most of the 1800s most women in factories were young and single

·   Some married working-class women earned extra income by __________ or doing __________

·   The growth of __________ consumer goods that used to be made at home (ready-to-wear clothing, soap, & candles) limited work in the cities

5. Marriage & Family
1. Marriage

·   Among the urban workers, poverty often delayed marriage

·   On average, working-class women married in their __________ and men in their __________

·   As living standards __________ among low-income groups, people began to marry younger

·   Working couples usually married out of mutual attraction and love

·   City-dwellers abandoned a long __________ and __________ consent became less important

·   __________ __________ were rapidly disappearing. Parents did not become concerned about the __________ prospects of men and the __________ of women

·   Middle class sons tended to wait until their incomes were sufficient to support a family

2. Family

·   Except among the rich, the size of families began to __________ by 1850. Several reasons

·   1- Growing importance of __________

·   2- Declining infant __________ rates

·   Typical early 19^th century family was __________. Husband was the legal head of the family

·   __________ influence grew more important as she was confined to the home

·   Wives kept the family __________

·   Mothers controlled child-rearing, including __________ and __________ training

·   Affection between spouses and the loving care of children were the guideposts of the ideal bourgeoisie family

·   The home was to be a tranquil haven from the harsh realities of the world

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